The Evolution of the Normative Regulation in Hospital Safety and Security

The aim of the law is to ensure personal, material and organisational conditions for safe work without endangering human health, to prevent work accidents and occupational diseases by defining the rights and obligations of the state, employers and employees. Since 2003, the concept of occupational safety and health commissioning has been included in the law, which plays a prominent role in the commissioning of dangerous technology or work equipment in health care. [...]of the epidemic, not only the so-called back office area, but also in patient care, the concept of remote work appeared in the field of telemedicine, and some other areas, such as in the case of finding analysis. According to the legislation, the employer must register and Investigate all accidents at work. [...]of this, a wave of insourcing started and in several health institutions they started to employ their own doormen again, wh ich raises further problems.

The animal keeping culture and the motivation of animal keepers in Hungary

Background: In the past few decades the animal keeping culture and habits have changed a lot internationally, some animals have become family members. The COVID-19 pandemic has created an unprecedented situation in the world, including Hungary. In many places, the quarantine period was associated with Isolation and, therefore, an increase in the number of companion animals. Objectives: Our aims were to (1) survey the animal keeping culture and habits, (2) examine the motivation of the owners and (3) explore the attitudes about adoption, neutering, breeding and the use of livestock animals in Hungary. Materials and Methods: Specialized surveys were conducted among 843 persons through social media and personal interviews from 20 June to 30 August 2021 by using a questionnaire including 16 questions. The chosen groups were compared with Fisher's Exact test and Chi-square test. Results and Discussion: 97.0% of the respondents regard their dog as a family member. Nearly 25% of the respondents do not wish to neuter their dogs, because they want to breed the dogs or they find it unnecessary. The primary reason for cat keepers not to neuter their pet is the financial issue. Animal keepers and women are significantly more likely to consider their animal as a family member (p < 0.001). Men, the elderly, people who live in the countryside and those who have only elementary education think that neutering is of less importance (p < 0.001). Non-animal keepers, elderly people and men think more negatively about adoption. Buying an animal from a breeder is more important to the younger age groups (p < 0.001) arid those who live in Budapest (p < 0.01). 42.3% of the respondents gave the lowest evaluation scores to the assessment of the livestock units. Women, people from younger age groups (p < 0.05) and those who have higher education (p < 0.001) think more negatively about the use of farm animals. Non-animal keepers, the elderly and people of lower education consider the livestock animals' emotional intelligence lower (p < 0.05). Men (p < 0.001), people over 65 years of age (p < 0.001) and of lower education (p < 0:01), and also non-animal keepers (p < 0.001) accept significantly easier the use of livestock animals.

Pandemy or a new STI - monkeypox cases at the semmelweis university department of dermatology, venereology and dermatooncology

After the global pandemic caused by the coronavirus, another epidemic began to unfold, which again induced fear in the population. This new epidemic is caused by the monkeypox virus and originated in Africa. It mainly spreads among MSM (men who have sex with men) population, so it can be interpreted as a new type of sexually transmitted infection.

Lessons Learnt and Policy Implications from Implementing the POWERPOOR Approach to Alleviate Energy Poverty

Energy poverty is a multifaceted phenomenon that affects many Europeans. Alleviating energy poverty is high in the EU, national, and local policy agendas. Despite the attention the phenomenon has been gaining from a policy perspective, especially after the current energy crisis, there are still some gaps due to the complexity of the issue and its vastly different manifestations across Europe. This manuscript presents the policy implications stemming from the implementation of the POWEPROOR approach in alleviating energy poverty in eight European countries, as co-created with relevant stakeholders in each country. The knowledge gained from empowering energy-poor citizens by promoting behavioural changes and small-scale energy efficiency interventions, as well as by encouraging the uptake of renewable energy sources in the form of collective energy initiatives while leveraging innovative financing schemes, resulted in policy recommendations for national and sub-national governments and lessons for civil society and the private sector.

Információbiztonsági incidenstrendek a közigazgatásban 2

A közigazgatás a kibertér felől érkező fenyegetések egyik leggyakoribb célpontja, az állami és önkormányzati szervek elleni kibertámadások egyre célzottabbak, kifinomultabbak és egyre nagyobb kár okozására képesek. Az elektronikus információs rendszerek biztonsága érdekében hatékony fizikai, logikai és adminisztratív intézkedéseket szükséges alkalmazni, amelyek meghatározásához elengedhetetlen az aktuális információbiztonsági incidenstrendek ismerete. Jelen tanulmány célja a Nemzetbiztonsági Szakszolgálat Nemzeti Kibervédelmi Intézet által, 2019 és 2021 közötti időszakban detektált információbiztonsági események átfogó elemzése, a közigazgatást érintő hazai incidenstrendek azonosítása érdekében. Az írás kiemelten vizsgálja, hogy a kibertámadók hogyan reagáltak a Covid-19-világjárványra, és ez milyen módon jelenik meg a hazai incidenstrendekben. Az elemzés további célkitűzése annak megállapítása, hogy mely szektort érte a legtöbb incidens a vizsgált időszakban, és mely incidenstípusok jellemzők ebben az ágazatban. További kutatási kérdésként merült fel, hogy a pszichológiai manipuláció milyen százalékos arányban mutatható ki a detektált incidenstrendekben.Alternate :Public administration is one of the most common targets of cyber threats. Cyberattacks against public and local governments are becoming increasingly targeted, sophisticated, and are capable of causing ever greater damage. Information systems security requires effective physical, logical and administrative measures, which needs knowledge of current trends in information security incidents. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of information security incidents detected by the National Cyber-Security Centre of Hungary between 2019 and 2021 in order to identify national incident trends affecting public administrations. The paper focuses on how cyber attackers have responded to the Covid-19 pandemic and how this is reflected in national incident trends. A further objective of the analysis is to identify which sector was affected the most by incidents during the period under review and which incident types are typical for this sector. A further research question was the percentage of social engineering in the detected incident trends.

SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with multiple myeloma: survey in 23 centers across Europe and USA

Introduction: Despite several studies, the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on patients with multiple myeloma remains uncertain. Material(s) and Method(s): We performed a survey that covered the period of the first and second waves of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in 23 centers inseven countries. Out of 352 patients with myeloma and SARS-CoV-2, 23% died. Results/Conclusions: Logistic regression showed a lower risk of death among patients treated with proteasome inhibitor and a higher risk of death for those who had a severe or a very severe course of disease.Copyright © 2023 Sciendo. All rights reserved.

Coworking Places in Hungary During the COVID-19 Pandemic

A global pandemic affected the type and place of work in several ways. For coworking places it caused disruptions according to direct (e.g. measures) and indirect (e.g. urban outmigration) reasons. The present chapter focuses on how coworking places in Hungary choose different adaptation strategies to deal with the unprecedented challenge that COVID-19 accounted for. It gives insight into the Hungarian pandemic situation between 2020 and 2022, identifying restrictions and no state financial aid whatsoever which determined the playing field for coworking places. The chapter contains different sections related to the outbreak and the Hungarian coworking landscape as well as coping strategies these alternative workspaces relied on to survive the first two years of the pandemic: location change, size reduction, change of function, and relying on informal networks are the identified ones. © 2023, The Author(s).

Special Issue: Understanding the impact of aging on the susceptibility and response to COVID-19 infection. (Special Issue: Understanding the impact of aging on the susceptibility and response to COVID-19 infection.)

This journal issue includes 15 articles that discuss continent-wide evolutionary trends of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants;use of convalescent plasma therapy in hospitalised adult patients with non-critical COVID-19;evidence for preserved insulin responsiveness in the aging rat brain;SARS-CoV-2 infection in HIV-infected patients;different patterns of excess all-cause mortality by age and sex in Hungary during the 2nd and 3rd waves of the COVID-19 pandemic;mutational landscape of the newly emerging Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant and comparison of mutations with VOCs and VOIs.

THREATS TO DEMOCRACY: CAN IT BE SUSTAINED, AND WHAT MIGHT REPLACE IT?

Democracy has increasingly come under pressure as democratic norms are being eroded. This article explores why democratic processes are at risk in Europe and the United States and what might replace them. It reflects the thinking of the Study Group on Democracy convened under the auspices of the International Association for Intelligence Education in 2022. Its deliberations identified a set of underlying key drivers, documented how they manifested, and speculated on what new forms of governance might replace democratic rule. Recent trends cited include the corruption of norms, the disruptive influence of social media, the growing diversity of society, the shift from community-based problem-solving to reliance on identity politics, the emergence of existential threats, and the need for strong leadership. The group concludes that prospects for sustaining democratic institutions can best be understood by viewing future trends along two perspectives: the complexity of society and modes of decision-making.

[Suicide mortality in Hungary during the COVID-19 pandemic.] / Öngyilkossági halálozás Magyarországon a COVID­19-pandémia idején.

INTRODUCTION: While suicide rates did not change (or decreased) in the first pandemic year (i.e., 2020) in the majority of countries, in Hungary the number of completed suicides rose significantly. OBJECTIVE: In our study, we investigated whether the unfavourable trend reversal of the Hungarian suicide rate following the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic persisted in the second pandemic year. METHOD: We used an interrupted time-series analysis with Prais-Winsten regression, controlling for time and seasonal effects as well as autoregressive effects, to estimate the effect of the pandemic on the suicide rates of the Hungarian male, female and total populations in 2020 and 2021. RESULTS: In the first pandemic year, we observed a significant increase in suicide rates in males and the total population. Although the case numbers for males and the total population in 2021 exceeded the case numbers of the pre-pandemic year, regression estimates suggest that the increase in rates did not differ significantly from the pre-pandemic years in males and it was only found to be significant at the 10% level in the total population. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Based on the examination of data from the first two pandemic years, we may conclude that by 2021 the adverse effect of the pandemic on suicidality reduced in the total population and disappeared in males. The question remains open whether this favourable development will continue. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(48): 1895-1901.

Measurement Uncertainty of D-Dimer Measured by the Particle Enhanced Immunoturbidimetric Assay

Objectives: D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product resulting from the degradation of fibrin polymers by plasmin. Although its main use is the evaluation of thromboembolic events, it is also used as an indicator of inflammation. In the recent COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant increase in its use as a biomarker. In this study, it was aimed to calculate the measurement uncertainty of D-dimer measured by particle enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay (PETIA). Materials-Methods: D-dimer measurements were made with the PETIA method (Improgen, Turkey) on the CoagXL (Diagon, Hungary) device installed in the Kulu State Hospital Laboratory. Uncertainty due to calibration and calibrator bias was calculated by running the Procal-D-dimer-DDI0511 (Improgen, Turkey) calibrator 10 times. Serocon external quality control data of the last 3 months were used for uncertainty arising from external quality control. Uncertainty due to repeatability was calculated using internal quality control data from the last 60 days studied with Serocon DDIM. Result(s): For D-dimer test, uncertainty due to repeatability was calculated as 0.0168, squared of uncertainty due to external quality control as 0.0123, uncertainty due to calibration 0.0250, and uncertainty due to calibrator deviation 0.0195. The standard uncertainty (uc) was 0.116 and the expanded uncertainty (%U) was calculated as 23%. Conclusion(s): In this study, the measurement uncertainty of the D-Dimer test measured by the particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay was calculated as 23%. Interpretation by taking this measurement uncertainty into account, especially at medical decision levels, will contribute to the use of the measurement result for the benefit of the patient.

Crisis Resilience of Startup Companies (The Case of Hungary among the Visegrad Countries with a Focus on the Pandemic)

The study examines the crisis resilience of startup companies in Hungary among the Visegrad countries as a result of the pandemic situation. It aims to provide guidance on what support is needed for startups in the post-crisis period to re-launch the economy and to contribute to the region's economy with positive results. The research was carried out in two stages: first, in 2021 through an online survey, and then, in 2022 in-depth interviews due to the economic crisis caused by COVID-19 and the Russian–Ukrainian war. A mixed research methodology was used, which comprised an online questionnaire administered in the Crunchbase database (n = 97) and in-depth interviews among startup founders and experts of the startup ecosystem (n = 22). The research summarizes the V4 countries' measures to protect entrepreneurship with a particular focus on startups. The research found that a crisis such as a pandemic did not have a uniformly negative impact on startups. The winners of the economic crisis are startups in IT, healthcare (Medtech. health-tech), e-commerce and digital education, while those who fared worst are startups in tourism and hospitality. The positive impact of the crisis has been a cleansing of the startup ecosystem. Business support measures supported the viable startups and helped them survive.

THE POSITION OF THE GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC TOWARDS THE WAR IN UKRAINE

The aim of the article is to present the position of the Czech government and the society of this country towards the war in Ukraine. The text is an attempt to conduct a comparative analysis of the position of the Czech government and the part of society that has been opposing the government's policy towards Ukraine for some time. The author presented the main consequences of the Czech government's support for Ukraine, which are related to the post-pandemic crisis. These include, above all, problems with the supply of oil, natural gas and nuclear fuel for Czech nuclear power plants. Social problems include high inflation, rising interest rates and rising prices ofbasic commodities. In the summary, synthetic conclusions were drawn that confirm the discrepancies between the government's policy and the position of that part of society.

On the transformative potential of Hungarian local food-buying clubs

This study describes the development trends of local food-buying clubs (BCs) in Hungary and analyses how this type of grassroots initiative can contribute to the sustainability transition. BC are consumer-driven organizations which aim to connect local food producers with consumers. The study also discusses how the Hungarian implementation differs from other initiatives described in the literature. The empirical analysis employs qualitative techniques, including participant observation, in-depth interviews with three organizers and two external experts, and a survey of 82 BC producers. BCs may be instrumental in facilitating the sustainability transition: on the one hand, they reach a wide range of consumers, and on the other, they are in contact with a multitude of producers, so everything is in place for their successful scaling up, with a particular focus on the maintenance of core values. BCs can thus play an instrumental role in influencing attitudes and fostering community. One of their most significant advantages is that, while they can operate independently of the growth imperatives of the dominant capitalist paradigm, they can also be understood within it. The increase in the number of grassroots initiatives has led to the formation of a meta-organization aimed at generating and sharing knowledge and the joint utilization and development of specific resources, such as information technologies. The variety of organizational forms and operating modes allows the general approach of buying clubs to be tailored to specific micro-contexts. However, there is a potential danger associated with the large proportion of volunteer work. For BCs to be successful over the long term, it is vital that they are self-sufficient in terms of everyday economic activities and that organizers are at least partially compensated for their efforts.

Love in the Time of Coronavirus: Innovation and Tradition in the World of Quarantine Weddings

International sociological research based on demographic data has shown that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly shaped the way of getting married. According to this research, varying from minimal to dramatic, there was a decrease in marriage rates worldwide. The marriage rate in Hungary showed a different picture. The number of weddings increased by 3%. It can also be seen that the number of marriages per month during the pandemic tended to decrease in periods of severe restrictions and lockdowns and to increase in periods of temporary loosening. While the period of restrictions was character- ized by civil ceremonies and micro-weddings, the period of loosening the restric- tions saw a mixture of large and tiny weddings, with or without civil marriages. So, people did not postpone or proceed with their weddings but tried to stick to their original plans despite, or rather besides, the changed circumstances;or, abandoning certain expectations and inventing new ones, they rescheduled their wedding. Based on my digital anthropological research, this paper raises questions: why did some people get married during the lockdown periods, or why did others postpone their weddings until after the restrictions were loosened? In the following, I aim to explore the modified wedding practices adapted to newer circumstances and analyze the ways of selecting and constituting the wedding "tradition" ("bricolage of traditions").

Resisting Genderphobia in Hungary

In this article, we connect illiberal populism in Hungary with the instrumentalizing of genderphobia through state policies starting from 2010. This became especially salient during the COVID-19 pandemic when a contentious state of emergency laws enabled the government's ruling by decree. Analyzing relevant pieces of legislation and policy documents, we show how genderphobia became a fundamental feature of an expanding far-right agenda that has been playing out in practice since the System of National Cooperation was established in 2010. Genderphobia is the aversion to disrupting dominant gender and sexual hierarchies, by addressing and critically interrogating gendered differences and gender as a social construct. Genderphobia is both an ideology about the fearfulness of gender as well as the action of fear-mongering for political effect. State institutions are gendered and sexualized in that they have been structured on dominant gender and sexual norms that reinforce male and heterosexual dominance. We argue that genderphobia is evident in the rise of anti-LGBTIQ policies and contributes to the weakening of democratic and liberal institutions in Hungary. We will also present examples of the Hungarian government's attempts to monopolize the definition of "the family" and hollow out the social representation of child protection. In addition, we will explore resistance against the recent anti-LGBTIQ policies through children's literature. Our aim is to demonstrate how the Hungarian genderphobic policies ultimately deny not only LGBTIQ human rights but the existence of LGBTIQ youth and children who could benefit from social support as well as representation in education and literature.

International Criminal Cooperation in the Shadow of the Coronavirus Pandemic 1

European cooperation in criminal matters is a priority in all EU Member States, whether in the detection, investigation or judicial fields. In recent years, I have been carrying out research in the field of organised crime, during which I have realised that in investigations involving two or more Member States, it is almost impossible to achieve the desired objective without criminal cooperation. Then, in the spring of2020, investigative authorities had to deal with a variable such as the coronavirus pandemic, one of the consequences of which was that personal contact was minimised. However, one of the most important factors for successful and effective police cooperation are personal contacts, which can be achieved through training, meetings or even personal exchanges of views during the course of a criminal case. However, the activity of organised crime groups is ongoing, although it is fair to say that they favour cyberspace, but they have not given much thought to overcoming the obstacles that arose during the coronavirus pandemic. They have emerged in e-commerce, online marketplaces, but at the same time, they have expanded their existing network of recruiters and started to think globally. Their distribution activities and logistics have also changed. Typically, the online space can be observed for criminal activities such as drug trafficking, arms trafficking or fraud. The pandemic has also reduced the effectiveness of international cooperation on crime. In the research for this study, I am looking for answers to the question: what tools and methods of cooperation were available to the investigating authorities in the period before the pandemic and could they be further expanded? I will then contrast this period with the escalated situation during the pandemic. My research questions will include how and to what extent the coronavirus pandemic affected international criminal cooperation, in particular the use of Joint Investigation Teams. I also shed light on the question: what are the opportunities and obstacles to the use of available tools for criminal cooperation in the case of crimes committed in the online space? The threat is growing, it has more and more international aspects, so I think there is a need for deeper cooperation, not only between law enforcement agencies, but also involving the private sector and civil society. It is important to make the citizens of all countries aware of the threats they face.

Dynamics of spa tourism statistics in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe

Spas were attracting visitors since ancient times. Study aims to monitor the changes in spa tourism statistics in the period of 2010-2020 for the selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Croatia, Hungary, Serbia and Slovenia), with particular attention given to the average development rate (ADR) and average growth rate (AGR), and overnight stays and an average length of stay. The reference to the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic on overnight stays and an average length of stay was discussed as well. Moreover, upon analysis of the existing tourism data for the period of 2010-2020, prediction of the post-pandemic period (until 2023-2025) was also implemented with the use of a linear model. In addition, using the broad criteria of a four-night stay as a minimum stay for medical treatments, Serbia has shown the characteristics of a medical spa, while Slovenia and Croatia could be characterized as "wellness medical", and finally Hungary was considered as a wellness spa destination.

Advancing patient safety governance in the COVID-19 response

In the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, ensuring the safety of health care services remains a serious, ongoing challenge. This once-in-a-century global health crisis exposed the vulnerability of healthcare delivery systems and the subsequent risks of patient harm. Given the scale of the occurrence and costs of preventable patient safety events, intervention and investment are still relatively modest. Good patient safety governance focuses on what leaders and policy makers can do to improve system performance and reduce the financial burden of avoidable care. Moreover, it is essential in driving progress in improving safety outcomes. This report examines how patient safety governance mechanisms in OECD countries have withstood the test of COVID-19 and provides recommendations for countries in further improving patient safety governance and strengthening health system resilience.

The two‐sided paradox of ageism during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The cases of Hungary, Tunisia and Uzbekistan

The consequences of ageing populations around the globe have necessitated policy changes that encourage people to stay in the labour force longer. Finding a job depends on two conditions: the willingness to work and employers' decisions. However, the COVID‐19 pandemic created special circumstances that negatively affected the perception of older workers. Older people were particularly vulnerable to the disease, which justified government action to protect them but at the same time provoked resentment among young people. We conducted an online questionnaire survey in July and August 2020 among the citizens of Hungary, Tunisia and Uzbekistan. Our research aimed to determine the general extent of ageism during the COVID pandemic. Respondents had to possess at least a college degree â€" i.e. be potentially suitable for the position of human resource manager. Despite the wealth of scientific literature and our own experience, the survey results revealed only low levels of ageism because of so‐called social desirability bias. Even so, the participants' responses reflected the characteristics of ageism in relation to their respective countries and living conditions. The small variations in the answers were also enough to provide useful information. Structural equation modelling was used to obtain results.Alternate :Las consecuencias del envejecimiento de la población en todo el mundo han hecho necesarios los cambios políticos que animan a las personas a permanecer más tiempo en la población activa. Encontrar un empleo depende de dos condiciones: la voluntad de trabajar y las decisiones de los empresarios. Sin embargo, la pandemia de COVID‐19 creó circunstancias especiales que afectaron negativamente a la percepción de las personas mayores trabajadoras. Las personas mayores son especialmente vulnerables a la enfermedad, lo que justifica la actuación del gobierno para protegerlas, pero al mismo tiempo provoca el resentimiento de los jóvenes. En julio y agosto de 2020 se realizó una encuesta en línea entre los ciudadanos de Hungría, Túnez y Uzbekistán. Esta investigación pretendía determinar el alcance general de la discriminación por edad durante la pandemia de COVID. Los encuestados debían poseer al menos un título universitario, es decir, ser potencialmente aptos para el puesto de director de recursos humanos. A pesar de la abundante literatura científica y de la propia experiencia de los autores, los resultados de la encuesta sólo revelaron bajos niveles de discriminación por razón de edad debido al llamado sesgo de deseabilidad social. A pesar de ello, las respuestas de los participantes reflejaron las características de la discriminación por razón de edad en relación con sus respectivos países y condiciones de vida. Las pequeñas variaciones en las respuestas también fueron suficientes para proporcionar información útil. Para obtener los resultados se utilizó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales.Alternate :抄録世界中の人口高齢化の影響により、人々がより長く労働ã‚'続けるã"とã‚'奨励する政策への転換が必要となった。仕事ã‚'å¾—ã‚‹ã"とは、働く意欲と雇用主の判断という二つの条件に依存する。しかし、COVID‐19のパンデミックにより、高齢労働者の認識に悪影響ã‚'及ぼす特別な状況が生み出された。高齢者は特にã"の病気に罹りやすく、政府が高齢者ã‚'保護するための行動ã‚'æ­£å½"化すると同時に、若者のæ€'ã‚Šã‚'引き起ã"した。2020年の7月と8月にハンガリー、チュニジア、ウズベキスタンの市民ã‚'対象にオンラインアンケートã‚'å®Ÿæ–½ã—ãŸã€‚æˆ‘ã€…ã®ç ”ç©¶ã¯ã€COVIDのパンデミックにおける一般的な年齢差別の程度ã‚'決定するã"とã‚'目的とした。回答者は最低で大学の学位ã‚'持っている、すなわち、人事部の管理者に潜在的に適しているã"とã‚'条件とした。文献が多いã"と著者らの経é¨"にもかかわらず、調査結果 ¯ã€ã„わゆる社会的望ましさのバイアスのために年齢差別の程度が低いã"とが明らかになった。それでも回答者の答えは、それぞれの国や生活ç'°å¢ƒã¨ã®é–¢é€£ã§ã€å¹´é½¢å·®åˆ¥ã®ç‰¹å¾´ã‚'åæ˜ ã™ã‚‹ã‚‚ã®ã§ã‚ã£ãŸã€‚å›žç­”ã®å¤šæ§˜æ€§ãŒå°‘ãªã„ã"ã¨ã‚‚ååˆ†ã«æœ‰ç”¨ãªæƒ…å ±ã§ã‚ã£ãŸã€‚åˆ†æžã«ã¯æ§‹é€ æ–¹ç¨‹å¼ãƒ¢ãƒ‡ãƒªãƒ³ã‚°ã‚'使用した。